JIMMY HOFFA :: essays research papers

The day Jimmy Hoffa didn't come home By Pat Zacharias / The Detroit News On July 30, 1975, James Riddle Hoffa left his Lake Orion home for a meeting. Paroled from federal prison three years earlier, the former Teamster president had recently announced plans to try to wrestle back control of the union he had built with his bare knuckles from his protege -- now adversary -- Frank Fitzsimmons. Anthony Giacalone, a reputed captain of organized crime in Detroit, was supposed to meet Hoffa that day. James R. Hoffa as a Teamsters organizer in 1939. Jimmy told his wife Josephine he would be home around 4 p.m. to grill streaks for dinner. After 39 years of marriage, she knew Jimmy would not be late. Witnesses saw him waiting in the parking lot of the Machus Red Fox restaurant in upscale Bloomfield Township. He never made it home. Hoffa. The name alone stirs strong emotions and opinions. Was he a visionary union hero or brutal despot? Was he a labor crusader or a criminal? Jimmy Hoffa began his union career as a teenager in the 1930s. A grade school dropout, he almost single handedly built the Teamsters union into an awesome national power. His hammer-handed negotiating techniques, his alleged links to organized crime, and his bitter feuds with John and Robert Kennedy made Hoffa the prototypical labor leader of his day. Born in Brazil, Ind., on Feb. 14, 1913, Jimmy grew up fast when his coal miner father died from lung disease in 1920. His mother took in laundry to keep the family together and the children also helped with after school jobs. Hoffa later described his mother lovingly as a frontier type woman "who believed that Duty and Discipline were spelled with capital D's." In 1922, the Hoffas moved to Clinton, Ind., for a two year stay, then to Detroit to an apartment on Merritt Street on the city's brawling, working-class west side. Tagged by the neighbor kids as hillbillies, Hoffa won respect and acceptance with his fists. After school Jimmy worked as a delivery boy and finally dropped out of school in the 9th grade just as the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression brought massive layoffs and business failures. A friend, Walter Murphy, told him to get into the food business. "No matter what happens, people have to eat," he said. JIMMY HOFFA :: essays research papers The day Jimmy Hoffa didn't come home By Pat Zacharias / The Detroit News On July 30, 1975, James Riddle Hoffa left his Lake Orion home for a meeting. Paroled from federal prison three years earlier, the former Teamster president had recently announced plans to try to wrestle back control of the union he had built with his bare knuckles from his protege -- now adversary -- Frank Fitzsimmons. Anthony Giacalone, a reputed captain of organized crime in Detroit, was supposed to meet Hoffa that day. James R. Hoffa as a Teamsters organizer in 1939. Jimmy told his wife Josephine he would be home around 4 p.m. to grill streaks for dinner. After 39 years of marriage, she knew Jimmy would not be late. Witnesses saw him waiting in the parking lot of the Machus Red Fox restaurant in upscale Bloomfield Township. He never made it home. Hoffa. The name alone stirs strong emotions and opinions. Was he a visionary union hero or brutal despot? Was he a labor crusader or a criminal? Jimmy Hoffa began his union career as a teenager in the 1930s. A grade school dropout, he almost single handedly built the Teamsters union into an awesome national power. His hammer-handed negotiating techniques, his alleged links to organized crime, and his bitter feuds with John and Robert Kennedy made Hoffa the prototypical labor leader of his day. Born in Brazil, Ind., on Feb. 14, 1913, Jimmy grew up fast when his coal miner father died from lung disease in 1920. His mother took in laundry to keep the family together and the children also helped with after school jobs. Hoffa later described his mother lovingly as a frontier type woman "who believed that Duty and Discipline were spelled with capital D's." In 1922, the Hoffas moved to Clinton, Ind., for a two year stay, then to Detroit to an apartment on Merritt Street on the city's brawling, working-class west side. Tagged by the neighbor kids as hillbillies, Hoffa won respect and acceptance with his fists. After school Jimmy worked as a delivery boy and finally dropped out of school in the 9th grade just as the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression brought massive layoffs and business failures. A friend, Walter Murphy, told him to get into the food business. "No matter what happens, people have to eat," he said.

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the world’s largest public service broadcaster that was founded in 1992 with the aim of educating, entertaining and enriching the public with information conveyed through broadcasted programs. The expansion and success of BBC can be attributed to the business-level strategies that the corporation implements from the time the company was established to present. BBC was able to incorporate strategies into its organizational culture which ensured it gained competitive advantage.The corporation gave its organization a unique identification mark that was appealing to customers when it opened stand alone stores that were highly visible, provided ample parking space and located the stores in urban areas which contain large numbers of potential customers (Hill & Gareth, 2004). Moreover, the corporation identified its customers, their needs and thus implemented strategies that were geared towards satisfying their demands. For instance the c orporation offered a wide variety of tapes a fact that ensured BBC met the desires of its customers.The corporation was also able to manage a long lasting relationship with its customers by devising a strategy that allowed customers to stay longer with the rented movies a mechanism that helped the corporation to further fulfill the needs of its customers (Hill & Gareth, 2004). Furthermore, BBC offered and enhanced superiority value to its organizational culture and reputation by employing efficient strategies which allowed customers to access the tapes easily and at a faster rate by arranging them alphabetically and separating new movie releases from the older ones.The corporation also incorporated advanced technology into its operations which allowed customers to have a comfortable and easy time while at the store, for instance the use of the laser bar-code scanner technology to access required information from the movie cassettes and customers’ ID tags thereby consuming lit tle time of customers (Hill & Gareth, 2004).Although the corporation has managed to open and successfully run BBC branches globally it was also faced with challenges that forced it to close down some of its stores this is because of the improper market research strategies the corporation implemented to learn and get acquitted with the market environment, the likes and dislikes of prospective customers. For instance BBC was forced to close down the stores it had opened up in Hong Kong and China because the profitability of the corporation was challenged by piracy which is highly ranked in China because of poor implementation of patent policies and regulations.BBC was also forced to close down the stores it had opened in Germany because the corporation was unable to fulfill the desires of the consumers that demanded provision of movies and programs which contained violence and sex rated captions in their themes, demands that were against the principles and policies of the corporation (Hill & Gareth, 2004). In 1927 the British Monarchy granted the Corporation a Royal Charter protecting it’s independence from the manipulation and influences of private and governmental sectors a fact that enables the organization to cater fully to the needs of its customers.The products and services provided by BBC are original because of the opportunity that the charter prevails of allowing the corporation to be innovative thus providing products that are of high quality. BBC is also able to easily penetrate into the global market where it widens its scope of customers and utilizes the resources prevailed to maximize its operations, performance and profitability.However, BBC must enact public value in all its operations and has no control of members appointed to run the corporation because the appointments are done by the Queen under the advice of ministers. Since it is a state corporation, BBC can not make decisions that are geared towards benefiting the organization witho ut considering the welfare of the society like private sectors do (Hill & Gareth, 2004). Word Count: 632 Reference List Hill, W. C. & Gareth, R. J. (2004). Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach, Annual Update. 6th Ed. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin.

12 Classic Poems Everyone Should Know

American Historian And Labor Organizer, By Barbara Mayer...

Women place is in the home. That was the statement made by numerous labor union groups. They resented women in the unions, they felt it was a man’s place, they believed women belonged at home taking care of the children. It was this belief that made it difficult, although not impossible for women to break through the glass ceiling and make statements regarding conditions and treatment in the workplace. While they faced opposition constantly, they refused to give up. Barbara Mayer Wertheimer is an American historian and labor organizer; she specializes in United States labor and gender history and she analyses women’s work and their treatment in the labor unions. She offers various perspectives of this in her book, We Were There: The Story of Working Women in America. In Chapter 13, â€Å"Women in Teaching and White-Collar Jobs† she examines women in white-collar jobs. Those jobs included secretaries, switchboard workers, and retail clerks, nursing and teaching. H er thesis states, â€Å"But even though women were entering each of these job categories in increasing numbers, and the Chicago office workers’ local formally requested that the AFL send in a women organizer to help recruit women, the AFL executive council was not yet interesting in pushing unionization of this field and let the suggestion die.† It seemed as if the AFL felt that should include women, but did not want to be that progressive. Wertheimer supported her thesis by explaining how the women in each of the

Factors Affecting The Homeless Epidemic Essay - 1600 Words

Different 4 There are a lot of factors that construe the homeless epidemic. Factors the contribute to homelessness includes job loss, divorce, domestic abuse, foreclosure of home, serious illness, mental and physical illness, substance abuse and even natural disasters all help to contribute to homelessness. Which shows it can happen to anyone, regardless of gender, ethnicity, religion and even social class. Even with government regulations, there can occur a loss of financial sustainability by zoning regulations resulting in eminent domain over people’s properties when they have no place to go and with the high cost of housing either for purchase or to rent have skyrocketed. These people really do not have a choice but to be homeless. The homeless have become the hunters and gatherers of modern society. They feed themselves by begging, scavenging, and raiding garbage for (particularly that of restaurants) food. (Kottak p234) Even when factories relocate to other countries wher e labor is cheaper, cost families, their livelihood and for some that is the only job skill they have, these people would eventually become homeless if they cannot secure another job with the same or lower job skills that they possess. And also due to the fact that the migrants are being housed first and been providing care over U.S. citizens with this current administration. The Obama Administration has made it very clear that it will use any resources available to do â€Å"what’s in the bestShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting The Homeless Epidemic Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pages4. Different There are a lot of factors that construe the homeless epidemic. Factors the contribute to homelessness includes job loss, divorce, domestic abuse, foreclosure of home, serious illness, mental and physical illness, substance abuse and even natural disasters all help to contribute to homelessness. Which shows it can happen to anyone, regardless of gender, ethnicity, religion and even social class. Even with government regulations, there can occur a loss of financial sustainabilityRead MoreEssay about The United States Homeless Population879 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In the United States the homeless population continues to grow rapidly. Homelessness has been a public health issue for many decades. Often times these individuals feel as though society has turned a blind eye to them. This at risk population is seen by society as lazy or chose to live a life on the streets, but if one would examine this population closely would see that there is more to this at risk population than what society has labeled them as. The forces, which affect homelessnessRead MoreHomelessness and the Cycle of Poverty717 Words   |  3 PagesWebster’s dictionary defines the word â€Å"homeless† quite simply by â€Å"having no place to live†. Customarily a homeless person is stereotypically thought to be an older male like the â€Å"bum† on the street corner peddling for change. Although this problem is not only affecting adults but entire families including children. We are facing a growing epidemic of people all over the world being de prived of basic human needs such as shelter, food, water, and heath care due to the fact that they are unable toRead MoreThe Homelessness Epidemic Of Homelessness1958 Words   |  8 Pages The Homelessness Epidemic According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, approximately 564,708 people were homeless on a single night in January of 2015 in the United States (â€Å"The State of Homelessness in 2016†). It is estimated that 250,000 people who suffer from Mental Health illnesses are homeless (Torrey). Providing affordable housing, and access to mental health services for the homeless population are essential components to end the homeless epidemic. Homelessness can be definedRead MoreThe United States Poverty Epidemic884 Words   |  4 Pagesand scale. The public’s apathy towards poverty has caused it to become an invisible epidemic. The middle -class’s flight from the cities has created de facto segregation between the impoverished and the financially comfortable. Lawmakers find that running on the platform of â€Å"fixing poverty† is not appealing to the majority of their middle-class constituents. The media turns a blind eye to America’s poverty epidemic because poverty does not excite viewers or garner favorable ratings. Cities are nowRead MoreTuberculosis, A, And Tertiary Prevention Of The Disease Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesEpidemiology of Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is one of the major threats to the public health. It is poverty related disease and has affected millions of lives globally, mostly in the third world country. Prisoners, homeless people, and poor people are high risk for tuberculosis in the United States of America. Although the cases of tuberculosis (TB) infection has declined in recent years but eradication of this disease has been out of reach globally. This paper will describe the demographic and clinicalRead MoreThe Most Important Issues of the Modern World1475 Words   |  6 Pagesprogress has been made in increasing food production. Researchers developed new high-yield crops as well as disease- and drought resistant crops. Unemployment Unemployment is caused by many factors in a modern market economy. It can be caused by rapid technological change, business cycle or recessions, seasonal factors in some industries particularly such as changes in tastes and climatic conditions which affects demand for certain products and services, individual perceptions and willingness to workRead MoreSocial Aspects of American Children Being Born in Poverty Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pageswhich to view the social forces affecting childhood development. Aletha Huston, on the other hand, in her book Children in Poverty: Child Development and Public Policy, proposes a child-centered analysis, which focuses on the childs healthy development as a goal in its own right, rather than as part of a larger social-economic context. A compromise must be reached between these two perspectives, in order to create a complete picture of the issues affecting children living in poverty, withoutRead MoreHow to Save an Animal Life Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesThese animals are dying because of this with no fault of their own. If the overpopulation in shelters continues we will not have a place to put all of these animals except for in the ground. A shelter is supposed to be used as a safe place for lost, homeless pets, but it is being abused and turned into a trashcan due to the overpopulation. Some may argue that there are â€Å"no kill† shelters, and although that is true to some extent, it is not entirely true. The sad truth is that â€Å"in most cases even whenRead MoreHomelessness in Long Island, New York Essay2339 Words   |  10 Pageslacking adequate shelter or otherwise residing below the minimal standard of what is considered a safe dwelling. The federal definition of homeless is an individual who lacks a fixed, regular, or adequate nighttime residence (HUD, 2011). Homelessness is not just a problem in big cities like New York or Los Angeles, but rather it is a global epidemic affecting small towns and suburbs such as Long Island. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is a United States federal department that

Francis Bacon Free Essays

Francis Bacon’s Philosophy of Science In 1620, Francis Bacon; the philosopher and creator of Empiricism made a great contribution in defining the course of modern science by a breakthrough in process of scientific reasoning and method. Bacon did not propose an actual philosophy of science rather a method of developing philosophy. He demanded science based on induction. We will write a custom essay sample on Francis Bacon or any similar topic only for you Order Now While being the first in the philosophy of science, Bacon discovered that Aristotle methods taught scientists nothing about the universe. The contributions Bacon made to the philosophy of science impacted the involvement of psychology today. Bacon was greatly influenced by the Renaissance period and made an impact in the modern era of knowledge (Ochulor, 2011). Francis Bacon believed that empiricists gathered important information, but had little idea on how to use their knowledge. Bacon made many contributions to the history of the philosophy of science, but the biggest was the idea of experimental science. He believed research could be used to test real world observations. According to Bacon, science should include no theories, no hypotheses, no mathematics, and no deductions but should involve only the facts of observation† (Esper, 1964). Bacon had little trust in rationalism due to its emphasis on words, and he distrusted mathematics because of its emphasis on symbols. He trusted only the direct observation and recording of nature. With Bacon being a radical empiricist, he stated the ultimate authority in sci ence was to be empirical observation. Positivism was later the name of Bacon’s approach to science. Bacon advocated the theory of dual truth; truth of reason and truth of revelation. Bacon referred reason to revelation as the source of philosophical and scientific reasoning which can lead one to believe him as a rationalist but more of an empiricist. â€Å"For Francis Bacon, it is only through the concept of experimentation and observation that one can arrive at true knowledge† (Ochulor, 2011). The idea of the inductive method was brought into modern science and philosophy and believed it was the surest way to knowledge. Francis Bacon had many contributions to modern science, but he had many weaknesses to follow. The major weakness Francis Bacon had was the lack of hypothesis. Throughout history one knows in order to prove something in science is to have a hypothesis. Bacon suggested, â€Å"One may look at facts and the hypothesis would suggest itself† (Ochulor, 2011). Although Francis Bacon’s life was not without controversy, he remained a leading thinker in philosophy and was well versed in the field of scientific methodology. Bacon as well as other Empiricists believed that the mind was a blank slate and that all knowledge and ideas developed though the senses and through experiences. Francis Bacon used the idea of inductive reasoning to develop the idea that science prospers through observation and experience. This included the study of the mind. The study of science and the study of the mind came about through Francis Bacon’s efforts as well as others that influence Psychology today. References Esper, E. A. (1964). A history of psychology. Philadelphia: Saunders. Ochulor, C. , Metuonu, I. (2011). Francis Bacon’s Qualification as the Father of Modern Philosophy. Canadian Social Science, 7(6), 258-263. doi:10. 3968/j. css. 1923669720110706. 207 How to cite Francis Bacon, Essay examples Francis Bacon Free Essays Francis Bacon was born in 1909 in Dublin, Ireland to English parents. His mother was heiress to a coalmine and steel business and a family nurse tended young Francis. He was a sickly child and was often dosed with narcotics to ease his discomfort. We will write a custom essay sample on Francis Bacon or any similar topic only for you Order Now His family moved frequently from house to house which gave him a feeling of detachment, he would later claim. Though shy as a child, he reportedly enjoyed playing dress up. With his effeminate manner and his dress up fixation, he often managed to enrage his father, causing alienation between the two. It was told late in his life that his father had ordered the family’s Irish groom to beat him with a horsewhip when he was a child. His only formal education was an 18-month stint spent at Dean Close School, Cheltenham, which he left in 1924 (Wikipedia. org). At a fancy-dress party at the Firth family house at Cavendish, Suffolk, he appeared dressed as a Roaring Twenties flapper, complete with beaded dress, lipstick, high heels, a long cigarette holder and an Eton crop. At the age of 13 he was banished from Straffan Lodge after his father found him standing in front of a large mirror wearing his mother’s underwear. The incidents seem to indicate that he arrived at his sexual orientation early in life and did not deviate from it. His sexual proclivity influenced his entire life and was evident in his art from the beginnings of his career. Bacon spent his later youth drifting and found himself kept by an older friend of his father. He may have briefly studied art at this time. At the tail end of the Roaring Twenties, during the Weimar Republic’s dying gasps, he was left in Berlin. He moved then to Paris, surviving on three pounds a week from his mother’s trust fund. The end of the decade found him back in London as the world economy sank into a depression of mammoth proportions. He began a career in design of furniture but found art to be more to his taste and talent. He was, however, at times desperate enough to seek employment as a gentleman’s companion. He had developed a taste for good wine and good living and was not overly particular from whence the good life came. Bacon did not spring on the art scene so much as he crept onto it, but his work was collected by a small following that saw something in the technique and the torturous subject matter which graces his canvas. He was reviled early on by the critics and even accused of being behind the times in the art world, painting in a technique long gone from popularity. The first public display of his oils was in a group exhibition in London’s Mayor Gallery in 1933. The following year he mounted a solo exhibition at London’s Sunderland House. After the 1934 show he stopped painting and destroyed many of his works (Leninimports. com). By 1944 he began to paint again, frantically working in what seemed to have been an attempt to make up for lost time. He borrowed from such diverse sources as Velasquez and Van Gogh and developed a recognizable style in his figure painting. During the 1950s he matured and did what was arguably some of his best work, often employing friends and lovers to pose for him. His work became expressionistic in style and his canvases were filled with angst-ridden figures in tortured poses, rife with distorted images of tortured animals and humans. His first major show was held in 1949 at the Hanover Gallery, London. 1953 saw his work exhibited outside of England. This work was riveting and garnered Bacon wealth and fame. He suddenly became legendary. The decade of the 1950s found him the darling of the international art world and his celebrity gave him carte blanche to publicly do what he had been doing in private for most of his life. As a paradox it is said that Bacon’s private life and his public art are both traditional and iconoclastic (queer-arts. org). As an example it is noted that he painted in a conventional manner, applying paint to canvas in the accept method, albeit preferring to work on the unprimed backside of the canvas for a rougher textured surface. He demanded that his extraordinary works be framed in traditional gilt frames seen on the works of Old Masters when exhibited in galleries. Yet at this same time his work was fraught with lack of conventionality and was a slap in the face of modern mores. He painted his homosexualty in an era when it was not acceptable and American Family Values was more than just a meaningless Republican Party mantra. He threw his broken relationships onto the canvas and let the art world see his most intimate thoughts. He was both an Edwardian gentleman and a flaming 20th century homosexual, throwing convention to the winds. He was denigrated publicly by Margaret Thatcher and adored by the socialites of the era. She called him, ‘that artist who paints those horrible pictures. ’ Perhaps she was right, in that his work is both violent in style and contains clear reference to his relationships with men, but that does make it less than art, and taste is an individual matter. Anyone not seeing his homosexuality played out on canvas simply is not looking. His death in 1992 at the age of 82 marked a turning point in the art world. There is no one on the art scene that does it the way he did. His sexual proclivity and his oeuvre were intertwined as he permitted his private life to influence his art from the beginnings of his career and he let the world have a long look at both. Bibliography Findarticles. com 1994 Francis Bacon: His Life and Violent Times Retrieved 3-3-07 from: http://www. findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_n12_v82/ai_15954637 Leninimports. com 2003 Francis Bacon Retrieved 3-3-07 from: http://www. leninimports. com/francis_bacon_bio. html Queer-arts. org n. d. Queer Francis Retrieved 2-3-07 from: http://www. queer-arts. org/bacon/bacon. html Wikipedia. org 2007 Francis Bacon (Painter) Retrieved 3-3-07 from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(painter) How to cite Francis Bacon, Papers

Do Woman Make Better Leaders free essay sample

However, when women leaders are putting glorious greatly, they need to sacrifice their parts of life to earn such a success. Mostly, they need to work overnight and hard like their male fellows, they are single or divorced, and they may need to take care of both of their career and children. Actually, female leaders are facing some practical problems in their emotion, career and family. Many females are suffering in balancing these factors. Do women make better leader than men? Or specifically, are women playing a better role in managers? What are issues women leaders facing? In order to solve these problems and leave no doubt, I write this essay to analyze this topic. 2. 1 Leadership According to the professional definition, â€Å"leadership is the process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing its goals. †(Roach Behling, 1984) There are certain basic qualities or characteristics that most people associate with leadership, such as self-confidence, persistent, integrity, ambitious and determination. People would agree that who own these qualities can be labeled as â€Å"leaders†. However, it is usually hard to recognize a proper leader with a standard measurement. Human traits are quantized immeasurable. In daily works, a good leader is normally judged by people he or she leads. Unfortunately, these opinions are always subjective and biased. Work performances may consider being comparable. However, in reality, only similar works can provide comparable performance results which limit the number of comparable cases. Insufficient parameters cannot provide a reliable analysis. Due to these difficulties, this essay will compare female and male leaders in other factors which are not specialized and quantized for leaders but also providing references for good leaders. These factors include effectiveness, intelligence and attitude which compare leaders in the aspects of performances; psychical and psychological; values and reliability, respectively. Before comparison and analyzing, it is more reasonable to realize the current situation about gender and leadership which will also give readers a general idea. 2. 2 Men are still the major force in leaders Actually, majority of world still consider that domination of power is in man’s hand, though women leaders are increasing rapidly recent years. As statistics show, woman account for 51 percent of population and 46. 5 percent of labor force while their numbers in manage level are negligible. In fact, in more powerful positions, women only account for 7. 3 percent of Fortune 500 corporate line officers; only 4. 1 percent of top earners are women. (Catalyst, 2001) The true situation is like what Oakley ,J. G. said,† The overall percentage of women on corporate boards surpassed the 10% milestone for the first time in 1996, however, 105 out of the 500 companies surveyed still had no women on their boards. †(Oakley, 2000; Dobrsynski, 1996) In making such a males’ world, social and environment factors play critical roles. Traditionally, women are told to be less competitive and ambitious when they are still girls, when they start their careers, mostly, environment and themselves keep suggesting them to be more unleader-like and docile. This attitude is formed in a long period and by surrounding environment, and it actually becomes part of female’s character. Attitude toward leadership is stronger predictor of leader emergence than masculinity. (Kolb, 1999) This theory is even more reasonable when biology theory is abandoned. Generally, majority of leaders is still male , the roles that women are told to play and attitudes they are suggested to own is signaling to be â€Å"second class†. 2. 3 Woman leaders show great potential It is undoubtedly men are traditionally leaders in the society; nevertheless, women are catching up in an amazing speed. Especially in recent years, woman leaders are showing their great power. In a long period before, people believe that women lack of managerial skills and they define it as â€Å"female deficiencies† as a reason why few women have made it to the top. Steven, Lynda and Joanne, 2003) However, many professors have proved the irrationality of this stereotypical concept, Davidson and Burke (DavidsonBurke,1994) have contended that almost all the evidence shows little or few difference in the traits and abilities of managerial skills among women and men. Furthermore, Ferrario(Ferrario,1994), Carless(Carless,1998) and Komives (Komives,1991) have studied and p roved that gender does not determine who should get the leadership. According to above statements, it is easy to realize that gender is not physical or psychical obstacle for female leaders. Moreover, Kent and Moss suggested the possession of feminine characteristics does not decrease an individual’s chances of emerging as a leader as long as the individual also possesses masculine characteristics. If women are more likely to be androgynous, they may have better chance of rising to leadership status. (Kent and Moss, 1994) Kent and Moss’ words can be explained related to women’s own characteristic. Normally, women are more approachable and modest. The advantage is obvious above; male leaders cannot combine female’s good personalities which will be considered to be sissy while females will treat androgynous as a merit which show their potential. So, in some kinds of careers which require managers to be more mild and communicative, such as teachers and nurses, woman leaders are more preferred. To sum up, women’s characteristic advantage is seen as particularly important in light of the trends toward flatter organizations, team-based management and increased globalization. Oakley,2000; Adler,1993;Rosener,1995) Undoubtedly, woman leaders have predominance in some specific works than man leaders 2. 4 Gender and the leadership 2. 4. 1 Intelligence comparison Intelligence is defined by Cronbach as a person’s all-around effectiveness in activities directed by thinking. (Cronbach, 1984) Intelligence can divide in two parts, academic intelligence and emotional intell igence. In the aspect of academic intelligence, it is well accepted that there is no difference in academic intelligence between men and women. Furthermore, people with high academic intelligence don’t mean they are good leaders. Obviously, traditional view about intelligence is quite narrow. Current research has denied the theory of IQ as the only measure of intelligence. In 1920 Thorndike hypothesized that true intelligence was composed of not only an academic component, but also emotional and social components. (Barbara Shilpa, 2003) Bar-on argued that emotional and social intelligences were better predictors of success in life. (Bar-on, 1997) According to Barbara Shilpa’s statistic analysis, the mean transformational leadership score of females and males are roughly the same (65. 21 and 63. 31 respectively). The mean emotional intelligence score for females was higher than the mean emotional intelligence score for females (109. 58 and 98. 31 respectively). (Barbara Shilpa, 2003) Although the results of the current study suggest that females have scored higher than males in emotional intelligence, it is possible that women as compared to men scored higher on empathy or social skills and low on motivation or self-regulation. However , male and female’s leadership score is very close which can prove that different genders have differences in EQ, but no capability difference in leadership. To sum up, there is no specific gender difference in academic intelligence. Females have a higher score in emotional intelligence and males have an equally emotional leadership score with females. 2. 4. 2 Attitude comparison Attitude means a general and enduring positive or negative feeling about some person, object or issue. (Kalliath, 2010) Normally, we divide attitude in two parts, one is the affective component, and the other one is the behavioral component. Actually, leadership is affected by attitudes in the sense that a leader’s attitude about their subordinates is dictated by theories X and Y. Theory X in the simplicity means leaders view their subordinates as pessimistic. They believe that the best way to treat subordinates is by manipulating for they think subordinates are lazy and unmotivated. Theory Y thinks oppositely, leaders of theory Y feel that most people are motivated and afraid of punishment. (Kalliath, 2010) Normally, leaders with a positive self-concept and a Theory X philosophy tend to be bossy, pushy and impatient; they also generally take on a dictatorial leadership. Leaders with a negative self-concept and a Theory Y philosophy may seem afraid to make decisions and self-blaming. Hughes, Ginnett Curphy, 1993) Related to above apart, women’s attitude is an obstacle for their leadership. This disadvantage is caused by environmental and cultural factors. All stereotyping views towards woman will affect them when they are becoming leaders. However, according to theory X and Y, they generally talk about two types of leaders. It can be seen that gender is not the major factor in attitude. To sum up, woman leaders are normally have more problems in their attitude and valuation than their man opponents. 2. 4. 4 Effectiveness comparison Effectiveness is understood in terms of leaders’ facilitation of a group or rganization’s ability to meet its goals. (Hunt, 1991; Mumford, 1986) It is stated that there is no difference in effectiveness, although some situations favor women and others favor men. (Powell, 1993)However, some people point out that female leaders may be less effective when they are doing stereotypically masculine jobs. It is easy to understand that women may violate conventions concerning appropriate female behavior. Female leaders will be subjected prejudiced reactions, which included biased performance evaluations and negative preconceptions about future performance. Consistent with research on self-fulfilling prophecies (Geis, 1993), negative opinion towards women’s leadership can diminish their performance. Even though, some professors argue that role conflict for female leaders might also be minimized by adopting a relatively feminine leadership style that would meet people’s traditional expectations about female behavior. (Eaglly, Makhijiani, Klonsky, 1992) They assert that it is unfair to value the effectiveness in leadership roles that are rarely occupied by women and in which most of their evaluators are male. (Eaglly, Makhijiani, Klonsky, 1995) In order to analyze this issue, two perspectives are introduced: alternative perspective and contingency theory based perspective. As a matter of fact, alternative perspective also have two parts, the first one is a structure view suggests that men and women are equally effective in leadership. (House, 1991Hunt, 1991) Another alternative view takes into account the different selection of men and woman for leadership. Besides gender equality opinion, it also points out that women may be superior performers, especially in the longer run as they may erode negative thinking about their work. Craig Jacobs, 1985) The second perspective is of contingency theories of leadership, suggests that leaders’ effectiveness depends on their style of leading. (Bass, 1990) It focuses more in the aspect of leadership style. It insists that effectiveness of different gender is related to corresponding factors in leadership methods, not gender. In a word, although male leaders are considered more e ffective in traditional masculine jobs, female leaders are more effective than males in less masculine terms. Effectiveness is a reliable proof of the woman leadership is not worse than man leadership. Although some people still believe woman leaders are using some inefficient management methods when they are most in masculine works. It can be expected that females will fare at least as well as men in an increasing range of leadership and managerial roles. 3. Conclusion From the days of old to the modern world, people who have the opinion that men are born to lead and women should serve as followers are out of date. No one can deny the gender equality in the current society. Leaders are no longer the exclusive privilege for men, but also for excellent females. We start to realize the importance of analyzing this topic and have taken a close look at some of the most basic qualities needed in a successful leader, such as attitude, intelligence and effectiveness. While some qualities seem to be more present in males than females, such as attitude, there are still many females owning the necessary characteristics to be better leaders, such as effectiveness in feminization jobs. This essay collects studies that analyzed leadership under rigorous researches and we have also taken a close look at some of the more recent studies on this topic.