Is Carbon Dioxide Poisonous

You probably know carbon dioxide is a gas that is present in the air you breathe. Plants breathe it in order to make glucose. You exhale carbon dioxide gas as a by-product of respiration. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is one of the greenhouse gases. You find it added to soda, naturally occurring in beer, and in its solid form as dry ice. Based on what you know, do you think carbon dioxide is poisonous or is it non-toxic or somewhere in between? You Need Carbon Dioxide to Live Ordinarily, carbon dioxide is not poisonous. It diffuses from your cells into your bloodstream and from there out via your lungs, yet it is always present throughout your body. Carbon dioxide serves important physiological functions. As its level rises in the bloodstream, it stimulates the impulse to breathe. If the rate of breathing isnt sufficient to maintain the optimal level of CO2, the respiratory center responds by increasing the rate of breathing.  Low oxygen levels, in contrast, do  not  stimulate increased rate or depth of breathing. Carbon dioxide is essential for hemoglobin function. Carbon dioxide and oxygen bind at different sites on the hemoglobin molecule, but the binding of CO2 changes hemoglobin conformation. The Haldane Effect occurs when binding of carbon dioxide decreases the amount of oxygen bound for a particular partial pressure of the gas. The Bohr Effect occurs when rising CO2 partial pressure or decreased pH causes hemoglobin to offload oxygen to tissues. While carbon dioxide is a gas in the lungs, it exists in other forms in the blood. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase converts about 70% to 80% of carbon dioxide into bicarbonate ions, HCO3-. Between 5% and 10% of carbon dioxide is a dissolved gas in plasma. Another 5% to 10% is bound to hemoglobin as carbamino compounds in red blood cells. The exact about of carbon dioxide varies according to whether blood is arterial (oxygenated) or venous (deoxygenated). Too Much Carbon Dioxide Is Toxic However, if you breathe high concentrations of carbon dioxide or re-breathe air (such as from a plastic bag or tent), you may be at risk for carbon dioxide intoxication or even carbon dioxide poisoning. Carbon dioxide intoxication and carbon dioxide poisoning are independent of oxygen concentration, so you may have enough oxygen present to support life, yet still suffer from the effects of rising carbon dioxide concentration in your blood and tissues. The condition of excess carbon dioxide concentration in the blood is called hypercapnia or hypercarbia. Symptoms of carbon dioxide toxicity include high blood pressure, flushed skin, headache and twitching muscles. At higher levels, you could experience panic, irregular heartbeat, hallucinations, vomited and potentially unconsciousness or even death. There are several potential causes of hypercapnia. It may result from hypoventilation, diminished consciousness, lung disease, rebreathing air, or exposure to an environment high in CO2 (e.g., near a volcano or geothermal vent or under in some workplaces). It can also occur when supplemental oxygen is administered to a person with sleep apnea. Diagnosis of hypercapnia is made by measuring blood carbon dioxide gas pressure or pH. A blood gas concentration over 45 mmHg carbon dioxide combined with low serum pH indicates hypercarbia. Fun Facts The average adult human produces about 1 kg (2.3 lbs) of carbon dioxide per day. In other words, a person releases about 290 g (0.63 lbs) of carbon each day.Breathing too quickly depletes carbon dioxide levels, causing hyperventilation. Hyperventilation, in turn, can lead to respiratory alkalosis. In contrast, breathing too shallowly or slowly eventually causes hypoventilation and respiratory acidosis.You can hold your breath longer after hyperventilating than before it. Hyperventilation lowers the carbon dioxide concentration of arterial blood without having a significant impact on blood oxygen levels. The respiratory drive diminishes, so the urge to breathe is reduced. This carries a risk, however, since its possible to lose consciousness before feeling an overwhelming urge to breathe. Sources Glatte Jr H. A.; Motsay G. J.; Welch B. E. (1967). Carbon Dioxide Tolerance Studies. Brooks AFB, TX School of Aerospace Medicine Technical Report. SAM-TR-67-77.Lambertsen, C. J. (1971). Carbon Dioxide Tolerance and Toxicity. Environmental Biomedical Stress Data Center, Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center. IFEM. Philadelphia, PA. Report No. 2-71.

The Issue Of Drug And Substance Abuse - 2269 Words

Drug and substance abuse has become prevalent in the contemporary society. Today many people abuse drugs because of the exposure they receive from the internet. Smoking of tobacco and its products has been legalized in the American soil despite its hazardous health impacts. However, the various group argues that smoking of tobacco should be eliminated because of the unhealthy related issues it triggers while smokers claim that it is their right to smoke. The society has a duty to protect young generations and nurture them to responsible adults. Let us imagine living in an environment where every individual smoked cigarettes? For the people who love smoking the idea would be appealing to them while for those who hate smoking it would feel devastated and uncomfortable to stay in an environment filled with smoke. The ruling state should not allow the mediocrity of the profit making institution continue harming the citizens through the selling of harmful tobacco substances. Banning tobac co inhaling products on American soil would lead to significant, positive changes for the public as a whole. Smoking should be prohibited in American because it brings discomfort to the people around the individual who is smoking. It is evidence that cigarettes kind of smells bad and when a person s smokes, the bad smell from the cigarettes bother the people around them (Connect US, 3). On top of that, people who are exposed to secondhand smoke face higher chances of obtaining hazardous healthShow MoreRelatedThe Psychological Effects Of Adolescent Substance Abuse1469 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent substance abuse is one of the largest issues faced by our society today. According to Teenrehab.com, nearly 50% of all high school seniors have abused some form of illicit substance and according to National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism nearly 70% of 18 year olds have at the least tried alcohol. 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Risks Auditors Face When Considering Management Earnings Management Pr

Questions: 1.Discuss the risks auditors face when considering management earnings managementpractices? 2.Discuss these pictures as views of the audit function? Answers: Risks that the auditors face when considering the earning management practices: The manipulation of the earnings are concerned with the fiddling or the playing with the revenues and the expenses. This is done due to the reason pf either to inflate the profits so as to show a higher amount of income and therefore, a higher earnings per share and attract investors. Or, it could be done if the company does not want to pay taxes and for this, it will have to show that the company has incurred losses or has earned a lower amount of income.(ACCA Global. 2015) The earnings management involves the following: Revenue recognition Changes in the estimates Abuse of the concept of materiality Capitalisation and deferral of the expenses Non- GAAP measures. (KPMG, 2015) Risk is defined as the likelihood of the things not going as per planned. The SAS 300 identifies the following components of risk. Inherent risk is defined as the susceptibility of mistakes or the misstatement in the balances or the transactions or the class of transactions, even there is a presence of an internal control. Control risk is defined as the presence of the material misstatement that was capable of being detected by the internal control system. The detection risk is concerned with the risk wherein the auditors extend the substantitiave procedures but that fail to detect the material misstatement. The sum total of all the above stated 3 risks is the audit risk.(University of Glasgow, 2015) The following are some of the qualities that an auditor must possess: 1. Professional scepticism: an auditor must possess some professional scepticism so that he can assess the risk and accordingly, extend the audit procedures. 2. Evaluate the accounting policies: an auditor must select and apply the accounting policies when it comes to assessing the risk of the fraudulent financial reporting 3. Assess the completeness of the disclosures 4. The audit report presented must be fair and adequate so as to bring to notice all the issues and the same must be presented and brought to the notice of the stakeholders. 5. The issues must be reported to those charged with governance Other reporting responsibilities: this includes the fact that where a fraud have occurred, the auditor must consider the other reporting responsibilities. These responsibilities could include the communication with the regulatory and the enforcement. (ACCA Global, 2015) Function of an audit: An auditor has to ensure that the financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the generally accepted principle of accounting and he further has to obtain enough evidences that the financial statements represent a true and a fair picture of the financial position of the company. He must ensure his independence when he is expressing his opinion since he is entrusted with the responsibility of giving an unbiased opinion on the fairness and the adequacy of the financial statements. Also, the auditors have to ensure their objectivity with those with the governance and fulfil their responsibility of analysing, evaluating, assuring and making the recommendations and provide the other information to the management of the entity.(AICPA, 2015) References: https://www.accaglobal.com, A. (2015). Massaging the figures | ACCA Qualification | Students | ACCA Global. Accaglobal.com. Retrieved 26 January 2015, from https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/student/acca-qual-student-journey/qual-resource/acca-qualification/p7/technical-articles/massaging-the-figures.html https://www.accaglobal.com, A. (2015). Massaging the figures | ACCA Qualification | Students | ACCA Global. Accaglobal.com. Retrieved 26 January 2015, from https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/student/acca-qual-student-journey/qual-resource/acca-qualification/p7/technical-articles/massaging-the-figures.html www.aicpa.org, (2015). AU Section 322 the Auditors Consideration of the Internal Audit Function in an Audit of Financial Statements. Retrieved 26 January 2015, from https://www.aicpa.org/research/standards/auditattest/downloadabledocuments/au-00322.pdf www.aicpa.org, (2015). Generally Accepted Auditing Standards. Retrieved 26 January 2015, from https://www.aicpa.org/Research/Standards/AuditAttest/DownloadableDocuments/AU-00150.pdf www.kpmg.com, (2015). Current and Emerging Issues. Retrieved 26 January 2015, from https://www.kpmg.com/RU/en/topics/Audit-Committee-Institute/Publications/Documents/toolkit/5_Current%20and%20Emerging%20Issues_eng.pdf